南洋杉
学名 : Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don
英文名 : Hoop Pine
中文名 : 南洋杉
科名 : 南洋杉科
本地分布状态 : 外来物种
植物趣闻
原产地 |
南洋杉的分布狭窄,原生于新几内亚和澳洲东部,如新南威尔士州和昆士兰州。 |
名字由来 |
属名「Araucaria」意指位于智利的阿劳科省,该省正是首次发现智利南洋杉的地方。为纪念「澳洲兄弟」Allan and Richard Cunningham (音译为艾伦.坎宁安及理查德.坎宁安)(1791-1839及1793-1835),种加词则取自其姓氏「cunninghamii」。他们皆是邱园(英国皇家植物园)的杰出植物学家,同时因探索澳洲东部而闻名于世。 |
应用 |
柔软,不太耐用,为满足制作傢俱、模具及其他轻质建材等大量木材需求,澳洲大量砍伐南洋杉以取得其木材。值得注意的是,南洋杉植被在昆士兰州的森林中于2008年扩展了26%,反观野生南洋杉的数量因进化和人为压力等因素而受到限制。因此迫切需要相关研究和保育工作以保育野生南洋衫的数量。 |
鉴别南洋杉科树木 |
与被子植物不同,裸子植物没有迷人的花朵和果实。取而代之的是,孢子叶球包裹着配子,种子裸露,并没有果皮包裹着。加上其拥有形态上难以区分的针叶,故要鉴别它们困难重重。
南洋杉科树种拥有高大且垂直的树身,故香港常引入该科树种作观赏树种并广泛种植。南洋杉、异叶南洋杉和柱状南洋杉是香港主要引入的南洋杉科树种。成熟的南洋杉科树种叶片呈二形性。南洋杉的叶片多刺且钩状凸出,其他两种的质感较柔和。
|
辨认特徵
生长习性 |
常绿乔木。 |
高度 |
香港高达30米,于原产地可高达70米。 |
树冠 |
金字塔形。 |
茎 |
树皮暗灰色或灰棕色,横状裂开,粗糙。 |
叶 |
叶片簇生于侧枝顶端,二形性。幼树或成熟后下部枝条的叶片呈针形或镰形。成熟后上部枝条或具球果的枝条叶片呈卵形或三角状卵形,叶片密集。叶面具明显气孔线,呈白色。 |
孢子叶球 |
顶生。雄球果圆柱形。雌球果球形至卵球形,比雄球果大,呈绿色。 |
种子 |
球果球形至卵球形,成熟时由绿色转为褐色。种子椭圆形,具珠鳞,由侧芽发育而成。 |
果 |
荚果带状,扁平,成熟时转为褐色。 |
花期 |
本港二月至六月。 |
果期 |
本港六月至八月。 |
备註
上述学名根据香港标本室网页:https://herbarium.gov.hk/sc/hk-plant-database/plant-detail/index.html?pType=species&oID=9340
其他资料库引用的学名
― 《中国植物志》:Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don
― 《世界植物线上》:Araucaria cunninghamii Mudie
参考资料
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2018). A Photographic Guide to Common Urban Trees of Hong Kong. 3rd edition. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong. ISBN: 978-988-12021-3-0
- Curlevski, N. J. A., Xu, Z., Anderson, I. C., and Cairney, J. W. G. (2010). Soil fungal communities differ in native mixed forest and adjacent Araucaria cunninghamii plantations in subtropical Australia. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 10(7), 1278–1288.
- Dieters, M. J., Nikles, D. G., and Keys, M. G. (2013). Achievements in forest tree improvement in Australia and New Zealand 6: Genetic improvement and conservation of Araucaria cunninghamii in Queensland. Australian Forestry, 70(2), 75-85.
- eFloras. (2008). Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don. Flora of China. [Online Edition]. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO and Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 13rd August 2022, from: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005238
- Gardiner. A. (2014). Araucaria cunninghamii. Austrlian National Botanic Gardens and Centre for Austrlian National Biodiversity Reserach. Retrieved 13rd August 2022, from: https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2014/araucaria-cunninghamii.html
- Jim, C. Y. (1990). Trees in Hong Kong: Species for landscape planting. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN: 9622092640.
- Leisure and Cultural Service Department. (2021). Hoop Pine. Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens. Retrieved 13rd August 2022, from: https://www.hkzbg.gov.hk/en/plants/tree/lcsdcw51.html
- Pye, M. G., Henwood, M. J., and Gadek, P. A. (2009). Differential levels of genetic diversity and divergence among populations of an ancient Australian rainforest conifer, Araucaria cunninghamii. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 277, 173-185.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (2017). Araucaria cunninghamii Mudie. Plant of the World Online. [Online Edition]. Retrieved 13rd August 2022, from: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60455476-2
- Scott, L. J., Shepherd, M., and Henry, R. J. (2003). Characterization of highly conserved microsatellite loci in Araucaria cunninghamii and related species. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 236, 115-123.
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Social Resposibility and Sustainable Development Office. (2021). Norfolk Island Pines 异叶南洋杉. Trees and Birds at CUHK. Retrieved 13rd August 2022, from: https://www.srsdo.cuhk.edu.hk/en-gb/trees-and-birds-at-cuhk/trees/norfolk-island-pine
- Verma, R. S., Padalia, R. C., Goswami, Verma, S. K., Chauhan, A., and Darokar, M. P. (2014). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of foliage and resin essential oils of Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D.Don and Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco from India. Industrial Crops and Products, 61, 410-416.
- 中国科学院Verma, R. S., Padalia, R. C., Goswami, Verma, S. K., Chauhan, A., and Darokar, M. P. (2014). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of foliage and resin essential oils of Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D.Don and Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco from India. Industrial Crops and Products, 61, 410-416.
- 欧阳卓立。(2016)。《香港观赏树木汇编1》。自然探索学会。国际标准书号:978-9-8815-4684-5。
- 郭信厚。(2011)。《台湾经济作物图鉴》。猫头鹰出版社。国际标准书号:978-9-8612-0869-5。
二维条码树木标签